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Dorothea Dix
Dorothea Lynde Dix (April 4, 1802 – July 17, 1887) was an American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums. During the Civil War, she served as Superintendent of Army Nurses.
==Early life==
Born in the town of Hampden, Maine, she grew up first in Worcester, Massachusetts. At the age of twelve, she sought refuge with her wealthy grandmother in Boston to get away from her alcoholic parents and abusive father. She was the first child of three born to Joseph Dix and Mary Bigelow, who had deep ancestral roots in Massachusetts Bay Colony.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= ''Notable Kin of Edmund Rice'' by Gary Boyd Roberts )〕 Her father was an itinerant worker. About 1821 Dix opened a school in Boston, which was patronized by well-to-do families. Soon afterward she also began teaching poor and neglected children at home, but she suffered poor health. From 1824 to 1830, she wrote mainly devotional books and stories for children. Her ''Conversations on Common Things'' (1824) reached its sixtieth edition by 1869. Her book ''The Garland of Flora'' (1829) was, along with Elizabeth Wirt's ''Flora's Dictionary'', one of the first two dictionaries of flowers published in the United States.
In 1831 she established a model school for girls in Boston, operating it until 1836, when she had another health breakdown. In hopes of a cure, in 1836 she traveled to England, where she met the Rathbone family. They invited her as a guest to Greenbank, their ancestral mansion in Liverpool. The Rathbones were Quakers and prominent social reformers. At Greenbank, Dix met their circle of men and women who believed that government should play a direct, active role in social welfare. She was also introduced to the reform movement for care of the mentally ill in Great Britain, known as lunacy reform. Its members were making deep investigations of madhouses and asylums, publishing their studies in reports to the House of Commons.
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